如何查看Linux配置，全面指南与实用技巧

03-20 1371阅读
本文提供了查看Linux系统配置的全面指南与实用技巧，通过命令行工具如uname、lscpu、free、df等，用户可以快速获取系统内核版本、CPU信息、内存使用情况和磁盘空间等关键配置，/proc目录下的文件也提供了详细的硬件和系统状态信息，对于网络配置，可以使用ifconfig或ip命令查看网络接口信息，本文还介绍了如何通过lspci、lsusb等工具查看硬件设备信息，以及使用dmidecode获取详细的系统硬件信息，通过这些工具和技巧，用户可以全面了解Linux系统的配置，便于系统管理和故障排查。
<p>Linux作为一款开源操作系统，凭借其稳定性和灵活性，广泛应用于服务器、嵌入式设备和个人计算机等领域，无论是系统管理员、开发人员，还是普通用户，掌握如何查看Linux系统的配置信息都是一项非常重要的技能，本文将详细介绍如何查看Linux系统的硬件配置、操作系统信息、网络配置、存储配置等，帮助您全面掌握Linux系统的配置情况。</p>
<h2>查看硬件配置</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>CPU信息</strong></p>
<div style="text-align:center;"><img src="https://www.zovps.com/article/zb_users/upload/2025/03/20250320135450174245009057988.jpeg" alt="如何查看Linux配置，全面指南与实用技巧" /></div>
<div><div style="color:#999;text-align:center;">（图片来源网络，侵删）</div></div>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>lscpu</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示CPU架构、核心数、线程数、频率等详细信息。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ lscpu
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                4
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-3
Thread(s) per core:    2
Core(s) per socket:    2
Socket(s):             1
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 158
Model name:            Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8250U CPU @ 1.60GHz
Stepping:              10
CPU MHz:               1800.000
CPU max MHz:           3400.0000
CPU min MHz:           400.0000
BogoMIPS:              3600.00
Virtualization:        VT-x
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              6144K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0-3</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>内存信息</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>free -h</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统内存的使用情况，包括总内存、已用内存、空闲内存等。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7.7G        2.1G        4.2G        200M        1.4G        5.1G
Swap:          2.0G          0B        2.0G</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>硬盘信息</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>lsblk</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统中所有块设备的信息，包括硬盘、分区、挂载点等。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0 465.8G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0   512M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2   8:2    0 464.3G  0 part /</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>显卡信息</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>lspci | grep -i vga</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统中安装的显卡信息。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ lspci | grep -i vga
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation UHD Graphics 620 (rev 07)</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2>查看操作系统信息</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>内核版本</strong></p>
<div style="text-align:center;"><img src="https://www.zovps.com/article/zb_users/upload/2025/03/20250320135450174245009036119.jpeg" alt="如何查看Linux配置，全面指南与实用技巧" /></div>
<div><div style="color:#999;text-align:center;">（图片来源网络，侵删）</div></div>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>uname -r</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示当前运行的Linux内核版本。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ uname -r
5.4.0-42-generic</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>操作系统版本</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>cat /etc/os-release</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示操作系统的版本信息，包括发行版名称、版本号等。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ cat /etc/os-release
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION="20.04.1 LTS (Focal Fossa)"
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS"
VERSION_ID="20.04"
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
VERSION_CODENAME=focal
UBUNTU_CODENAME=focal</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>系统启动时间</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>uptime</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统的启动时间和运行时间。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ uptime
 10:15:01 up  1:23,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2>查看网络配置</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>IP地址</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>ip addr show</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统中所有网络接口的IP地址、MAC地址等信息。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ ip addr show
1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:53:8b:6d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.1.100/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute enp0s3
       valid_lft 86399sec preferred_lft 86399sec
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe53:8b6d/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>路由表</strong></p>
<div style="text-align:center;"><img src="https://www.zovps.com/article/zb_users/upload/2025/03/20250320135451174245009142592.jpeg" alt="如何查看Linux配置，全面指南与实用技巧" /></div>
<div><div style="color:#999;text-align:center;">（图片来源网络，侵删）</div></div>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>ip route show</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统的路由表信息。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ ip route show
default via 192.168.1.1 dev enp0s3 proto dhcp metric 100 
192.168.1.0/24 dev enp0s3 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.100 metric 100 </pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>网络接口状态</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>ethtool &lt;interface&gt;</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示指定网络接口的状态和配置信息。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ ethtool enp0s3
Settings for enp0s3:
    Supported ports: [ TP ]
    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
                            100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
                            1000baseT/Full 
    Supported pause frame use: No
    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
                            100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
                            1000baseT/Full 
    Advertised pause frame use: No
    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
    Speed: 1000Mb/s
    Duplex: Full
    Port: Twisted Pair
    PHYAD: 0
    Transceiver: internal
    Auto-negotiation: on
    MDI-X: off (auto)
    Supports Wake-on: pumbg
    Wake-on: d
    Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
                           drv probe link
    Link detected: yes</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2>查看存储配置</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>磁盘使用情况</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>df -h</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统中所有挂载点的磁盘使用情况。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2       464G   50G  391G  12% /
tmpfs           3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1       511M  3.4M  508M   1% /boot/efi</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>文件系统类型</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>df -T</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统中所有挂载点的文件系统类型。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ df -T
Filesystem     Type     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2      ext4     487062528 52428800 409633728  12% /
tmpfs          tmpfs      4065508        0   4065508   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1      vfat        523248     3484    519764   1% /boot/efi</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>磁盘分区信息</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>fdisk -l</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统中所有磁盘的分区信息。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: ST500LM012 HN-M5
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device       Start       End   Sectors   Size Type
/dev/sda1     2048   1050623   1048576   512M EFI System
/dev/sda2  1050624 976773134 975722511 465.3G Linux filesystem</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2>查看系统日志</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>系统日志</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>journalctl</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示系统的日志信息，包括启动日志、服务日志等。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ journalctl
-- Logs begin at Mon 2020-10-05 10:00:00 CST, end at Mon 2020-10-05 11:00:00 CST. --
Oct 05 10:00:01 localhost systemd[1]: Started User Manager for UID 1000.
Oct 05 10:00:01 localhost systemd[1]: Starting User Runtime Directory /run/user/1000...
Oct 05 10:00:01 localhost systemd[1]: Started User Runtime Directory /run/user/1000.
Oct 05 10:00:01 localhost systemd[1]: Starting User Manager for UID 1000...
Oct 05 10:00:01 localhost systemd[1]: Started User Manager for UID 1000.</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>内核日志</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>命令：</strong> <code>dmesg</code></li>
<li><strong>描述：</strong> 该命令显示内核的日志信息，包括硬件检测、驱动加载等。</li>
<li><strong>示例：</strong>
<pre class="brush:bash;toolbar:false">$ dmesg
[    0.000000] Linux version 5.4.0-42-generic (buildd@lcy01-amd64-001) (gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu2)) #46-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jul 10 00:24:02 UTC 2020
[    0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-42-generic root=UUID=12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789012 ro quiet splash
[    0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
[    0.000000]   Intel GenuineIntel
[    0.000000]   AMD AuthenticAMD
[    0.000000]   Centaur CentaurHauls
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers'
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers'
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers'
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]:  576, xstate_sizes[2]:  256
[    0.000000] BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007ffdffff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007ffe0000-0x000000007fffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000feffc000-0x00000000feffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
[    0
如何查看Linux配置，全面指南与实用技巧

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